Chapter 13 States Of Matter Chapter Test A Answers


  • Goe , among others, defined teacher effectiveness in terms of growth in student learning, typically measured by student standardized assessment results. Chetty et al. However, as we will discuss in more detail later in this report, studies have...
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  • Here we emphasize that much of the existing body of research is based on studies from the United States, and so the applicability of such national research to other contexts remains open to discussion. Many studies show a positive relationship...
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  • This professional knowledge is influenced by the undergraduate degrees earned by a teacher, the college attended, graduate studies undertaken, and opportunities to engage with on-the job training, commonly referred to as professional development Collinson ; Rice ; Wayne and Youngs As with experience, research on the impact of teacher advanced degrees, subject specializations, and certification has been inconclusive, with several studies Aaronson et al. However, several international studies comparing country means found that teacher degrees Akiba et al. In a thorough review of the research on teacher effectiveness attributes, Rice found that the selectivity of undergraduate institution and the teacher preparation program may be related to student achievement for students at the high school level and for high-poverty students.
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  • In terms of teacher preparation programs, Boyd et al. In their study of 31 teacher preparation programs designed to prepare teachers for the New York City School District, Boyd et al. They found that if a program was effective in preparing teachers to teach one subject, it tended to also have success in preparing teachers to teach other subjects as well. They also found that teacher preparation programs that focused on the practice of teaching and the classroom, and provided opportunities for teachers to study classroom practices, tended to prepare more effective teachers. Finally, they found that programs that included some sort of final project element such as a personal research paper, or portfolio presentation tended to prepare more effective teachers. These associations vary by subject matter.
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  • Similarly, in their review of data from teachers in North Carolina, Clotfelter et al. They did not find any significant relationships between advanced degrees and student achievement in any other subject area. Much of this research has focused on the United States, which uses a variety of certification approaches, with lower grades usually having multi-subject general certifications and higher grades requiring certification in specific subjects.
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  • Rice also found that US teacher certification was related to high school mathematics achievement, and also found that there was some evidence of a relationship between certification status and student achievement in lower grades. Meanwhile, in their study of grade one students, Palardy and Rumberger also found evidence that students made greater gains in reading ability when taught by fully certified teachers. In a longitudinal study using data from teachers teaching grades four and five and their students in the Houston School District in Texas, Darling-Hammond et al. The effects of teacher certification on student achievement were generally much stronger than the effects for teacher experience. Conversely, analyzing data from the ECLS-K, Phillips found that grade one students tended to have lower mathematics achievement gains when they had teachers with standard certification. In sum, the literature the influence of teacher certification remains deeply ambiguous. In their meta-analysis of the effects of professional development on student achievement, Blank and De Las Alas found that 16 studies reported significant and positive relationships between professional development and student achievement.
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  • For mathematics, the average effect size of studies using a pre-post assessment design was 0. She found, for example, that for NAEP mathematics data from the year , 1. Overall, Wallace identified professional development had moderate effects on teacher practice and some small effects on student achievement when mediated by teacher practice. However, there is a growing body of work suggesting that teacher content knowledge may associated with student learning. It should be noted that there is an important distinction between general content knowledge about a subject CK and pedagogical content knowledge PCK specifically related to teaching that subject, each of which may be independently related to student outcomes Baumert et al. Positive associations between teacher content knowledge and student outcomes were also found in studies based in Germany Baumert et al. These findings are not universal, however, other studies from the United States Blazar ; Garet et al.
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  • The studies we have discussed all used some direct measure of teacher content knowledge. An alternative method of assessing mathematics teacher content knowledge is self-reported teacher preparation to teach mathematics topics. Although Luschei and Chudgar and Gustafsson and Nilson found that these items had a weak direct relationship to student achievement across countries, other studies have suggested that readiness is related to instructional quality Blomeke et al. The importance of instructional content has been recognized by national policymakers, and has helped motivate standards-based reform in an effort to improve student achievement, such as the Common Core in the United States Common Core Standards Initiative However, we found that there was little research on whether teacher instructional content that aligned with national standards had improved student learning; the only study that we were able to identify found that such alignment had only very weak associations with student mathematics scores Polikoff and Porter Student-reported data indicates that instructional time understood as classroom time on a particular subject does seem to be related to mathematics achievement Cattaneo et al.
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  • References Aaronson, D. Teachers and student achievement in the Chicago public high schools. Journal of Labor Economics, 25 1 , 95— Teacher quality, opportunity gap, and national achievement in 46 countries. Educational Researcher, 36 7 , — American Educational Research Journal, 47 1 , — The effects of teacher professional development on gains in student achievement: How meta analysis provides scientific evidence useful to education leaders.
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  • Blazar, D. Effective teaching in elementary mathematics: Identifying classroom practices that support student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 48, 16— Relation of student achievement to the quality of their teachers and instructional quality. Gustafsson Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Boyd, D. How changes in entry requirements alter the teacher workforce and affect student achievement. Education Finance and Policy, 1 2 , — Teacher preparation and student achievement.
    Link: https://nature.com/articles/6883930
  • Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31 4 , — The more, the better? The impact of instructional time on student performance. Retrieved from ftp. Chetty, R. Measuring the impacts of teachers II: Teacher value-added and student outcomes in adulthood. American Economic Review, 9 , — Economics of Education Review, 30 3 , — Teacher-student matching and the assessment of teacher effectiveness.
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  • Journal of Human Resources, 41 4 , — Redefining teacher excellence. Theory Into Practice, 38 1 , 4— Common Core Standards Initiative. Constantine, J. An evaluation of teachers trained through different routes to certification. Darling-Hammond, L. Teacher quality and student achievement. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8, 1. Does teacher preparation matter? Evidence about teacher certification, Teach for America, and teacher effectiveness. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 13, Desimone, L. Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24 2 , 81— Teacher and administrator responses to standards-based reform. Teachers College Record, 8 , 1—
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  • Contracts Contrary to Statute In Texas , you can obtain the principal and excess interest, as well as attorney fees. Gambling: Here we are talking about the classic gambling we all think about, such as Las Vegas , etc. Sometimes the distinction probably blurs, however. Sunday Laws: Once it was illegal to contract or sell goods on a Sunday. For the most part, these types of laws have been unenforced, ignored, or repealed. Licensing Statutes: You cannot legally perform certain services thereby contract for them if you do not have the proper license. For example, being a stock broker, CPA, attorney, plumber, taxi driver, etc. Generally the contract is unenforceable or rescindable. For example, an agreement to buy illegal drugs at a certain value, to buy all stolen cars of a particular thief, etc.
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  • Contracts Contrary to Public Policy Compare, however, that covenants not to compete, which may restrain new businesses from developing, are allowed in one general sense: if you sell a business to someone, a covenant not to compete may be executed to protect the purchaser of the business. Otherwise, if someone sold a store and then opened another one just like it a few blocks away, the old customers would likely return to the old vendor. The general rule is it must be part of the sale of a business. Procedural Unconscionablity: Here the classic example is the contract by adhesion, loaded with the legalese no one understands. Basically a take it or leave it type of situation, which is discussed in another chapter later. Exculpatory Clauses: here we are talking about writing into a contract the ability for one side to release themselves automatically from any form of liability resulting from an accident, loss of money, or similar such damaging situation no matter who was at fault.
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  • For example, if you are required to work only so many hours but wind up working additional hours, you are still to be compensated for such excess. For example, pilots and airline personnel. Withdrawal from an illegal contract: Classic example, you wager and put down your bets. Either side can ask for the money back before the event is concluded, for example a bet on the Super Bowl and repudiating the bet before it begins. Contract otherwise illegal due to fraud, duress or undue influence: generally the victim can recover for the performance or value of the contract. Severable Divisible Contracts: generally the court will enforce the legal portion of the divisible contract but not the illegal portion.
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  • Let's Summarize Chapter 7 bankruptcy is one of the most powerful debt relief options available in the United States. It can help filers get out of poverty and provides them with a clean slate. It gives you a fresh start by erasing your debts. This article explores the pros and cons of filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy. What about the pros and cons of filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy? Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy are both powerful debt relief options for folks in need of a fresh start. But the pros and cons of filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy are quite different than for Chapter 7. If you have a high disposable income or non-exempt assets you want to protect, Chapter 13 may be right for you. Check out this article to find out more about the pros and cons of filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy. What are the Upsides of Filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy?
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  • If you have good credit, it will likely take a temporary hit Those that are able to maintain their monthly payments and keep their credit score high before filing their bankruptcy petition will see their score drop initially. Plus, once their bankruptcy discharge is granted, they can begin increasing that pesky credit score immediately. It does not erase all unsecured debts Some unsecured debts, like alimony or child support can never be discharged in bankruptcy. Other things, like tax debts and student loans can be quite hard to eliminate by filing bankruptcy. You can lose certain types of property One of the trade-offs for getting a bankruptcy discharge in a matter of a few months is the requirement to give up certain expensive items.
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  • Nonexempt property - the type of property the bankruptcy trustee can sell to pay creditors in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case - is pretty rare. Your Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing does not protect others A bankruptcy filing under Chapter 7 eliminates only your obligation to pay the debt. It does not wipe out the debt for anyone else. Chapter 13 is the only type of bankruptcy that can protect a co-signer, but that only works because you end up paying the debt through your repayment plan. Depending on your financial situation and the goals you want to accomplish with your bankruptcy filing, hiring the right bankruptcy lawyer for your case can be a great investment. But, a lot of Chapter 7 cases are simple and can be successfully completed without a lawyer. If your financial situation is a bit more complex, and Upsolve is not a good fit for you, it can help you find a bankruptcy attorney in your area.
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  • When solid is exposed to very high temperatures they transform into the liquid state, subject to the properties of pressure. Gas: The intermolecular force of attraction between the interacting particles has enough kinetic energy that changes the molecular forces to zero. The intermolecular space between the molecules is very large and so a liquid can be transformed into a gaseous state.
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  • Plasma: Plasma is a state of matter in which the ions are highly electrically conducive. The magnetic fields and currents produced by them dominate the behaviour of the matter. So we see that the behaviour of matter in different states of matter is governed by factors like temperature, pressure, mass, and volume. The chemical properties of a substance do not change with the change of state but chemical reactions depend on the physical state of the matter. Intermolecular Forces The intermolecular forces interact between the particles of matter. These forces are different from electrostatic forces that exist between two oppositely charged ions. It is a quantity of the average kinetic energy of the particles.
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  • It increases with an increase in temperature. Intermolecular Forces Vs Thermal Interactions As we have just learned that intermolecular forces in a substance tend to keep the molecules together but the thermal energy of the particles tends to keep them apart. Therefore, the three states of matter are the resultant of the balance between the intermolecular forces and thermal energy of the molecules. Gaseous State In the Gaseous state of matter the physical properties of the molecules are: The molecules in the gases are highly compressible. Gases exert pressure in all directions. The density in the gases is much lower than the solids and liquids. Gases do not have definite volume and shape. They take the shape of a container.
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  • Gases mix completely in all proportions. The forces of interaction between gas molecules are negligible. Some laws that were discovered as a result during some experimental studies govern the behaviour of the gaseous molecules. If a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature T occupying volume V1 at pressure P1 , expands such that volume becomes V2 and pressure becomes P2. It states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases with the increase in temperature and decreases on cooling. The volume of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Avogadro Law Avogadro Law states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Note: In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by the individual gas is called partial pressure.
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  • Kinetic Theory of Gases Gases contain a large number of identical molecules. The molecules in gases are far apart from each other and so the actual volume occupied by the molecules is negligible. This is why gases can be compressed. There is no force of attraction between the molecules of a gas at ordinary temperature and pressure. This is why gases can expand and occupy space. The gas particles move in all directions in a straight line. They collide with each other during their random motion. The collision of the gas particles is elastic in nature and so there is no loss of kinetic energy. The speed of every molecule in the gases is different and their speed keeps changing.
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  • Add to new collection CANCEL Anything that has mass is made up of matter — an all-encompassing word for atoms and molecules that make up our physical world. We describe this matter as existing in states sometimes referred to as phases. Most people are familiar with three states of matter — solids, liquids and gases — but there are two more that are less commonly known but just as important — plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates. It is important to understand the particle nature of matter. The physical characteristics of those atoms and molecules decide its state. Solid Something is usually described as a solid if it can hold its own shape and is hard to compress squash. The molecules in a solid are closely packed together — they have a high density. Right now, you are probably sitting on a chair, using a mouse or a keyboard that is resting on a desk — all those things are solids.
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  • Liquid In liquids, the molecules have the ability to move around and slide past each other. A liquid will take on the shape of the container it is being held in. While a liquid is easier to compress than a solid, it is still quite difficult — imagine trying to compress water in a confined container! Water is an example of a liquid, and so is milk, juice and the petrol you put in the car. Gas In gases, the atoms are much more spread out than in solids or liquids, and the atoms collide randomly with one another.
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  • A gas will fill any container, but if the container is not sealed, the gas will escape. Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid. Right now, you are breathing in air — a mixture of gases containing many elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. Plasma Plasma is very similar to gas, In fact, the easiest way to describe plasma is as a gas that can carry an electrical charge. Plasma is a form of matter that exists when atoms are in an excited state. They are so excited that they jump an energy level and, in doing so, give off light.
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  • Plasma particles are spread out and move around randomly, but unlike gas, they contain some free ions and electrons, which gives plasma its ability to conduct electricity. On Earth, plasmas are commonly found in some kinds of fluorescent lights and neon signs. Another form of plasma on Earth happens during storms as lightning. Auroras are another form of plasma, where atoms in the upper atmosphere are affected by particles coming in from outer space. The most common form of plasma is in the stars — our Sun exists in the plasma state. Find out more about gases and plasmas in this article. Just a fraction above this temperature — and only for some elements — a BEC occurs. The atoms start behaving like little waves and start overlapping one another until they eventually act like one wave and essentially become a superatom. They are not bonded or mixed — they have become indistinguishable from one another, having the same qualities and existing in the same place.
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