The Enlightenment And The American Revolution Test A Answers


  • I read the book slowly since I loved it so much, but I think most people will find it a quick and accessible read. It opens with an argument in favor of returning to the ideals of the Enlightenment—an era when reason, science, and humanism...
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  • Time spent doing laundry fell from This might sound trivial in the grand scheme of progress. But the rise of the washing machine has improved quality of life by freeing up time for people—mostly women—to enjoy other pursuits. That time...
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  • People all over the world are living longer, healthier, and happier lives, so why do so many think things are getting worse? Why do we gloss over positive news stories and fixate on the negative ones? The late Hans Rosling explains this more fully in his excellent new book Factfulness. But there is no limit to the betterments we can attain if we continue to apply knowledge to enhance human flourishing.
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  • American colonists objected to being taxed by the British Parliament, a body in which they had no direct representation. Before the s, Britain's American colonies had enjoyed a high level of autonomy in their internal affairs, which were managed by colonial legislatures. The passage of the Stamp Act of , which imposed internal taxes on the colonies, led to colonial protest, and the meeting of representatives of several colonies in the Stamp Act Congress. Tensions relaxed with the British repeal of the Stamp Act, but flared again with the passage of the Townshend Acts in The British government deployed troops to Boston in to quell unrest, leading to the Boston Massacre in The British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self-government.
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  • Kale Mason. Answers 1. Joanna Hayes 24 March, 0. The Enlightenment had little impact on the sans-culottes, which in the Terror were the key driving force to the revolution in Paris. The enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke and Montesquieu, heavily influenced the thinkers of that era and the American revolution. Know the Answer? Not Sure About the Answer? Try a smart search to find answers to similar questions. Related Questions. How was the French Revolution a change brought about by the Enlightenment and the American Revolution? The French Revolution: Group of answer choices reinforced the Republicans' sympathy toward the French had very little impact on American foreign policy brought American troops to France to fight for liberty was Thd conservative compared to the. What did not encourage the Latin american revolutionaries A ideals of the french Revolution B the over throw of the french Monarchy C The enlightenment ideas of Voltaire and Montesquieu D victories in the french and indian war.
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  • How did the Reformation encourage the Enlightenment? Navigation menu It challenged the traditional authority of the Church, paving the way for new ideas of Enlightenment philosophers. New Questions in Social Studies. Taylor starts practicing her math facts at She Is Finished Practicing at what time did she finish. A quadrilareral has all sides the same length and no right angles. Keisha puts herself down all the time. Which of the following is not correct? Like any cartel, a union is a group of sellers acting together in the hope of exerting their joint market power.
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  • Explain why the topic of indulgences is closely related to Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church. Your response should be about one page in length.
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  • The Holy Roman Empire , which began officially in with the coronation of Otto I, was dominated by feudalism, and the peasant masses had little access to education. As dictated by the Roman Catholic Church, Latin was the dominant language, and monasteries and abbeys were the centers of academic life. That setup left scant room for intellectual advancement. But beginning in the 13th century, the tide began to change. A revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman texts ignited a new curiosity about the physical world and man's place in it. While studying at the University of Naples, a Dominican monk named Thomas Aquinas got his hands on the texts of Aristotle, which had been translated recently into Latin [source: McInerny and O'Callaghan ].
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  • Those readings inspired Aquinas' theory of scholasticism, or the study of nature as a means of explaining theology. Another monk, Roger Bacon, also read the Aristotelian translation in the middle of the 13th century. From the Greek philosopher, Bacon devised the notion of studying the physical world as a form of piety, since it focused on God's creation.
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  • These two ideas, while conceived under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Church, opened up a space for the innovation and curiosity that culminated years later in the Scientific Revolution. Advertisement The resurgence of interest in classical writings spread beyond monasteries and fueled the Renaissance movement in the 14th century.
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  • Leonardo Bruni, in the same school of thought as Petrarch, revitalized the classical idea of humanism [source: McKay et al ]. Echoed throughout the Enlightenment, humanism emphasized the study of humans and their accomplishments, rather than looking solely to God and sacred texts. Then, the invention of the printing press by Johan Gutenberg in provided access to literacy for the masses. People began to shy away from Latin translations, relying on their own native tongues for printing. The press also facilitated the Protestant Reformation. In , Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church in Germany, signaling the start of the Protestant branch of Christianity.
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  • Heading into the 18th century, the bedrocks of society -- religion, feudalism, education -- had been totally transformed. Advertisement The Copernican Crisis: Scientific Revolution and the Church Copernicus' heliocentric model of the universe attracted criticism from the church. The church adhered to Aristotle's writings about the structure of the universe since it complemented religious dogma. The Greek philosopher's geocentric universe was composed of 10 separate crystal spheres. One outcome of the Renaissance was a renewed interest in astronomy, and that star -gazing would inadvertently contradict the church's conception of the cosmos. Nicolaus Copernicus shattered Aristotle's theory of the geocentricism when he proposed that planets revolve around the sun in Copernicus' theory discarded Aristotle's crystal spheres and enlarged the universe to infinite proportions.
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  • Though a Christian himself, Copernicus effectively displaced God and heaven and stripped man's central role in the physical realm, which attracted intense criticism from both Protestants and Roman Catholics. Advertisement The divorce between science and the church continued in Johan Kepler, former assistant to astronomer Tycho Brahe, calculated that the planets orbit the sun in an elliptical, not circular, pattern. This also chafed against religious symbolism that upheld the circle as a sign of perfection. Around this time, in the early s, empirical scholar Galileo Galilei was perfecting his telescope. In , the Roman Inquisition charged the astronomer with heresy for his theory that the Earth rotates on its axis, and he eventually recanted. Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes constructed a philosophical backbone for these scientific breakthroughs. Bacon questioned the mind's ability to solve the mysteries of the natural world on its own.
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  • Ironically, Newton and his contemporaries were devoutly Christian. Descartes, for instance, attempted to reason his way to explain the existence of God. Though the church didn't heartily embrace their discoveries, the scholars didn't set out to dismantle accepted teachings. That would soon change with the rise of the French philosophes. France emerged the victor in the Thirty Years War, and it was recognized as the international center for learning in the 18th century [source: Carey ]. However, the ideological roots of the Enlightenment start in England thanks, in large part, to its more liberal religious environment. Humans' minds, according to Locke, are shaped solely by experience and education, rather than innate feelings and preordained character traits. A certain French intellect named Francois-Marie Arouet devoured Newton's and Locke's writings after being exiled to England from to for openly criticizing the French monarchy.
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  • Arouet would eventually go by the nom de plume Voltaire. Advertisement When Voltaire returned to France enlivened by these fresh Enlightenment ideals, he fanned the flame quickly. In 18th-century France, salons facilitated intellectual exchange. Organized mostly by aristocratic women and held in their homes, salons served as meeting places for scholars and wealthy laymen to discuss philosophy, politics, religion, or whatever other topics simmered in the academic sphere. These forums provided necessary safe havens because Louis XIV's absolutism instituted harsh censorship and punished detractors. Some of the most prominent salon members were the philosophes, including Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot and Rousseau who valued rationalism as the key to progress.
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  • Voltaire reviled the establishment of the Church and questioned the monarchy's absolutism, but didn't necessarily espouse democracy. Instead, he considered the middle and lower classes "very rarely worthy to govern themselves. In addition to critiquing government, the philosophes also decried the political authority of the church. In place of Catholicism or Protestantism, many Enlightenment thinkers, including the American Founding Fathers, were deists. In its simplest form, deist orthodoxy upheld a clockmaker God who created the world, set things in motion, then withdrew from human involvement. It was easier for intellectuals to rationalize, without fully abandoning religious faith. However, the manifestation of the Enlightenment differed from place to place.
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  • In France, the aristocracy patronized the arts above all. There, literature flourished with seminal works including Voltaire's "Candide" and Diderot's multivolume "Encyclopedia. That environment promoted advancements in the sciences and economics. Adam Smith from Scotland published "The Wealth of Nations" in , which laid the groundwork for modern capitalism. Recognizing the power of competition in the marketplace, Smith theorized that the "invisible hand" would guide the economy without the need of government interference.
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  • Frederick the Great had Immanuel Kant to thank for his status as an Enlightened despot. Kant hailed the freedom of the press and religious tolerance that he sponsored. The German philosopher, best known for his motto "dare to know," remains one of the most celebrated intellects from the period. A scholar of metaphysics, or the study of human existence, Kant believed that morality had to exist alongside rationality dubbed the categorical imperative [source: Johnson ]. This later served as the philosophical foundation of cultural relativism. By the late s, the political situations in France and the American colonies had intensified. Across the Atlantic, the colonies in North America were jostling for independence. Enlightenment ideology would soon be put into action. Advertisement Enlightenment in Action: American and French Revolutions Robespierre, heading to the guillotine, was influenced by Rousseau.
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  • Perhaps because it happened away from Europe on a real tabula rasa, the American Revolution succeeded. The events that happened in France a decade later didn't turn out so well. On July 14, , the newly formed French National Assembly stormed the Bastille and started a revolution. The reaction in the United States was mixed. Some Americans saw it as a European reflection of their own struggle for nationhood; others eyed the coup with great concern [source: Staloff ]. Advertisement The writings of Rousseau deeply impacted Robespierre, the leader of the radical Jacobin Party [source: Halsall ].
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  • According to the philosophe, people should abide by the social contract of general will tempered by sovereignty. From there, it's up to the government to bestow liberties unto the people. An extreme manifestation of Rousseau's social contract emerged as the Revolution spiraled out of control. Consider, for instance, the Reign of Terror when Jacobins seized control. The general will had spoken at the Bastille storming, and it was up to Robespierre to administer freedoms. From to , the Committee of Public Safety killed off thousands, including Marie Antoinette -- all in the name of liberty. After the dust settled on the political dramas at the end of the 18th century, the extreme rationalism and skepticism espoused by the Enlightenment had reached a limit. Some people didn't wish to peer at human nature through the microscope of reason. Romanticism arrived as the antidote. The era that started with Newton's "Principia" closed with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's "Lyrical Ballads" in In it, the poets wrote that "not by the intellect, but the deep power of joy, we see into the life of things" [source: Wordsworth and Coleridge ].
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  • What was the political and cultural situation in Europe ca. The Enlightenment SQ 2. What historical circumstances led to the Enlightenment? What points of view did Enlightenment Thinkers have about government? What effect did the Enlightenment have on social reform movements and monarchs in the 18th century? To what extent did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge ideas about the rights of women in 18th century Europe? French Revolution SQ 6.
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  • What was the French Revolution? What were the social, economic, and political issues that led to the French Revolution? During the National Assembly stage of the French Revolution what actions were taken to address issues in France? To what extent did those actions fix those problems? During the Radical Revolution stage of the French Revolution what actions were taken to address issues in France? SQ During the Age of Napoleon stage of the French Revolution what actions were taken to address issues in France?
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  • Was the French Revolution Successful? What is nationalism? What impact can it have? What historical circumstances led to the unification of Germany and Italy? What led to independence movements in the Western Hemisphere in the 18th and 19th centuries? This intellectual movement was used to challenge political authorities in Europe and colonial rule in the Americas. These ideals inspired political and social movements. The Enlightenment called into question traditional beliefs and inspired widespread political, economic, and social change.
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  • Through a combination of philosophy, politics and communications, the Enlightenment prompted societal reform. The Enlightenment period was from to It was also known as the Age of Reason. During this time, prominent philosophers emerged in Britain, France and other European countries. They proposed that societies everywhere could be changed through social reform, which gained traction with restless and unhappy citizens in the United States and abroad. A main facet of the Enlightenment was that it gave commoners a sense of empowerment. This ultimately led to revolutions and warfare, and toppled many long-standing regimes.
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  • European Influence The Enlightenment coincided with the American Revolution, which took place between and Many factors led to the outbreak of the Revolution, but a chief factor was the American colonists' discontent with the British government. In the decade before the Revolution, the British government attempted to exert more control over the 13 colonies.
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  • But the colonists resisted, inspired in large part by the emergence of European philosophes, who were a handful of European scholars that promoted social equality and justice in nations everywhere. Their teachings spread to the shores of the United States as post-Middle Age Europe brought an increase in overseas voyages and an expansion of global trade. The economic prosperity in Europe also gave rise to a more prosperous and particular middle class who questioned authority. Its anti-authority sentiment was sparked by the Protestant Reformation, which encouraged thinkers to question the authority of the Catholic Church.
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  • With the emergence of printing technologies, this idea spread quickly to Americans across the Atlantic. The Philosophers Americans quickly warmed to the philosophies of pro-democratic European scholars including Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire. These men encouraged people to question the rule of authority, particularly in monarchical societies like France. Montesquieu also proposed a breakdown of government into separate branches. This concept was very attractive to American citizens, and ultimately led to the restructuring of the American government. While these philosophers set the stage for change in the United States, John Locke is credited with prompting citizens to turn words into action.
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