Biology Ltf Diagnostic Test Evolution And Taxonomy Answers


  • However, the findings also reveal that, besides the evolution-specific facets of professional knowledge, generic facets interrelate with the quality of the diagnosis result. We conclude from these findings that an integration of evolution-specific...
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  • Thus, the correct teaching of the evolutionary theory by biology teachers is highly important for students, as it acts as a central link between different concepts and highlights the similarities in the complexity of biological concepts Tibell and...
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  • Those individuals that are genetically better adapted to environmental conditions are more likely to survive as well as to have a higher reproduction rate. In the next generation, these beneficial traits occur more frequently and the population adapts to the environmental conditions e. Although there are differences in the number of relevant key concepts e. However, the complexity of the evolutionary theory leads to great problems in teaching and learning. A major impediment to learning is the numerous misconceptions that exist with regard to the theory of evolution. Misconceptions about natural phenomena arise at an early age and even before school education, when children explore their physical and social environments e.
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  • These misconceptions are used to explain evolutionary mechanisms. Consequently, misconceptions not only are found at the level of young children but are also anchored in the minds of high school students Demastes et al. The fact that the principles of evolutionary biology are widely misunderstood by students as well as by large parts of the public has motivated educators and researchers to focus on identifying evolutionary misconceptions and finding instructional strategies to overcome these for an overview: on misconceptions, see Gregory ; on teaching strategies, see Ziadie and Andrews ; Harms and Reiss Evolutionary misconceptions are manifold and refer to different evolutionary mechanisms. Evans observed that the process of the origin of species is seen as a spontaneous event regardless of the evolutionary processes involved.
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  • This is expressed in numerous creationist or religious ideas that explain that God or another creator is responsible for the origin of species e. Here, evolutionary biological knowledge is particularly important, as international studies have shown that sophisticated knowledge about evolution can positively influence the acceptance of the theory of evolution e. Another set of problems results from the fact that many evolutionary concepts appear to be counterintuitive to students e. In this context, misconceptions can arise in the field of phylogeny, where the deep time of evolutionary processes is not understood correctly e.
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  • Natural selection is the key mechanism of evolutionary change that leads to features adapting to new environmental conditions. The concept of natural selection is widely accepted by biologists today and can be briefly summarized: Species are adapted to their environment because individuals with the most suitable traits for that environment have a higher probability of survival and pass these traits on to their offspring. Over time, this leads to changes in the frequency of the hereditary traits of populations Mayr This simple explanation of natural selection suggests that it would be easy to communicate, but years of research have shown that it is one of the most difficult topics to teach in biology e. These include, in particular, anthropomorphic and teleological misconceptions. Problems arise when students transfer human thinking, including emotion, motivation, and reasoning, to non-human organisms such as animals or plants.
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  • These anthropomorphic beliefs are based on the conception that the change of a trait is the result of an intentional and purposeful action performed by the individual to cope with new environmental conditions e. Here, the development of the eyes is directed solely by the individual, who judges the characteristic to be beneficial. This trait development is a singular event and does not refer to any evolutionary mechanisms. A further conceptual bias related to anthropomorphism is teleology, in which the environment itself causes traits to change over time. Here, the development of a trait is target-oriented and purposeful e.
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  • Connectionist networks ; Neural networks Definition An artificial neural network is a computational artifact used for data classification and prediction and as a tool for cognitive modeling. Networks comprise a collection of simple, interconnected computational units each of which can be considered a highly simplified model of a biological neuron. The model neuron typically sums its inputs, weighted by the incoming connection strengths, and produces a single output value.
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  • The output function can be any of a variety of linear, or semi-linear, or nonlinear functions. Theoretical Background Much of the motivation for early developments in the area of artificial neural networks was the desire to understand how collections of neurons could give rise to This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. References Ackley, D. A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines.
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  • Cognitive Science, 9, — Google Scholar Adya, M. How effective are neural networks at forecasting and prediction? A review and evaluation. Journal of Forecasting, 17, — Google Scholar Bryson, A. Applied optimal control: Optimization, estimation, and control. Waltham: Blaisdell. Google Scholar Chomsky, N. Aspects of the theory of syntax.
    Link: https://proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gross-anatomy-histology-quiz
  • Google Scholar Christiansen, M. Connectionist psycholinguistics: Capturing the empirical data. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 82— Google Scholar Elman, J. Distributed representation, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure. Machine Learning, 7, — Learning and development in neural networks: The importance of starting small. Cognition, 48, 71— Google Scholar Gerstner, W. Spiking neuron models: single neurons, populations, plasticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Gluck, M. Psychobiological models of hippocampal function in learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, — Google Scholar Grainger, J. Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Google Scholar Hebb, D. The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar Hinton, G.
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  • Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science, , — A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural Computation, 18, — Google Scholar Hochreiter, S. Long short-term memory. Neural Computation, 9, — Google Scholar Hopfield, J. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Google Scholar Jaeger, H. Adaptive nonlinear system identification with echo state networks. Becker, S. Obermayer Eds. Google Scholar Jordan, M. Attractor dynamics and parallelism in a connectionist sequential machine. In Proceedings of the eighth annual conference of the cognitive science society pp.
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  • Englewood Cliffs: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar Kohonen, T. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics, 43, 59— Google Scholar Koss, L. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, , — Google Scholar Lippmann, R. Review of neural networks for speech recognition. Neural Computation, 1, 1— Google Scholar Maass, W. Real-time computing without stable states: A new framework for neural computation based on perturbations.
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  • Neural Computation, 14, — Google Scholar Mahony, S. Self-organizing neural networks to support the discovery of DNA-binding motifs. Neural Networks, 19 6 , — Google Scholar McClelland, J. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, — Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition Vol.
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  • Google Scholar McCulloch, W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 5, — Google Scholar Minsky, M. Google Scholar Pinker, S. Language learnability and language development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar Plamondon, R. Online and off-line handwriting recognition: A comprehensive survey. Google Scholar Reicher, G. Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, — Google Scholar Ritter, H. Self-organizing semantic maps. Biological Cybernetics, 61, — Google Scholar Rosenblatt, F. The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65, — Google Scholar Rumelhart, D. Cambridge: MIT Press. Learning the past tense of English verbs.
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  • The BBT was guiding us to ask and write better questions, develop more appropriate learning strategies, and assist our students in the development of their metacognitive skills. This tool provided us with a means to consistently apply the principles of Bloom's to biology concepts and skills, thus allowing us to better assess student-learning outcomes. The following passages illustrate how we have applied the BBT at either a research-one institution or a liberal arts college in three different classroom contexts: 1 a small inquiry-based laboratory, 2 a large lecture, and 3 a medium-sized workshop setting.
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  • Table 4 presents the timelines of implementation of each teaching strategy. To facilitate a comparison of our different implementation strategies, we have compiled a chart outlining the strengths and challenges of each approach Supplemental Material C. Table 4. This helps students realize the cognitive challenge level of the upcoming exam Exam Instructor uses BBT to Bloom the exam questions and produces a Bloom's distribution. The class was taught during consecutive quarters with a new cohort of students each quarter.
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  • Over the course of the quarter, groups of three or four students read primary scientific literature on their topic of interest, formulated new hypotheses, and designed and performed a pilot study to gather preliminary data in support of their hypotheses see Table 4 for timeline. The assignment also required students to provide expected outcomes of their proposed experiments and discuss possible alternate outcomes and limitations inherent in their research design. The assignment was designed to teach students how to synthesize their own data with existing data from the literature and to build a strong argument in support of a new hypothesis. Students turned in one section of the proposal each week e. Common difficulties were discussed with the class as a whole; however, neither the grading criteria nor the rubric were made explicit to the students. To facilitate evaluation of the students' research proposals, a grading rubric was developed Walvoord and Anderson, ; Allen and Tanner, Students were scored from 1 to 4 for how well they fulfilled each of 12 criteria as well as for overall presentation Table 5.
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  • Student performance was gauged both by looking at the percentage of students who earned full credit on a given criterion Table 5 and also by determining the average percentage of possible points students earned for each criterion data not shown. In reviewing these results, it appeared that certain criteria were much more challenging for students than other criteria. Others have assessed students' ability to write research proposals and identified similar areas of weakness Kolikant et al. Table 5. Identification of students' writing weaknesses Research proposal grading criteria 1 Percent of students fulfilling criterion 2 Level of Bloom's 3 Context logical development of hypothesis
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  • The changes which were implemented in and at the regional centers will now be implemented at the developmental centers. This assessment is worth 60 marks, and should take between 1 and 2 hours to complete. The two-year Diagnostic Medical Sonography Ontario College Graduate Certificate program provides you with the crucial knowledge and technical skills to produce sonographic images and carry out diagnostic procedures. Diagnostic medical sonography is a diverse and dynamic field of work. If diagnostic method leads to ICP pressure testing then go to Step StepAction Decision 8. Note: If the diagnostic process above uncovers.
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  • Diagnostic versus therapeutic procedures Before starting a procedure, the clinician determines whether to perform a diagnostic or a therapeutic procedure and prepares the patients accordingly. Diagnostic blocks are utilized for the following reasons: zTo evaluate and compare the roles of the sympathetic and somatosensory nerves in 1 Views 4-Bit 4-Digit Diagnostic Card PC Analyzer Version 3. This indicator should be on if the motherboard supplies 3. A group of activities designed to assure a standard of excellence is called Quality Control.
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  • Nonpermeable d. None of the above. A cell membrane is a thin layer of molecules that surrounds the cell. Its function is to allow certain materials to enter the cell, yet, keep harmful materials out. In order to do this, the cell controls which substances can enter the cell through the membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable or semipermeable , which means that certain molecules, such as oxygen and water, are permitted to enter the cell. Molecules that are not recognized as helpful are not able to pass through the membrane. Incorrect answer.
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  • Please choose another answer. A cell uses which of the following to accelerate chemical reactions enabling its metabolic machinery to operate? Centrasome c. Golgi apparatus d. Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts, chemicals that speed up chemical reactions. The conditions inside most cells do not allow reactions to proceed quickly enough to support life. For example, temperatures inside organisms are not hot enough for chemical reactions to take place quickly. Enzymes increase the rates of biological chemical reactions. Which of the following is not part of the metabolic sequence? Photosynthesis c. Hydoplasm d. Digestion Inside cells, sequences of chemical reactions take place to support life. These sequences are known as metabolic pathways.
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  • Photosynthesis, respiration, and digestion are all examples of metabolic pathways, or sequences. Photosynthesis is the metabolic pathway that produces oxygen and glucose in organisms with chlorophyll. Respiration breaks down molecules called ATP for cells to use as energy. Digestion breaks down food to be used to make energy in the form of ATP. Hydroplasm is not a known metabolic sequence. Which of the following are NOT organelles found in animal cells?
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  • Nucleus and golgi apparatus b. Cellular membrane and cytoplasm c. Mitochondria and ribosomes d. Chloroplast and central vacuole Chloroplasts and central vacuole are important organelles in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. Central vacuoles are used to store water in plant cells. All the other organelles listed are important to the function of animal cells and plant cells. Light initiates different types of cellular reactions. Which of the following responses to light converts the energy from light into a gain of potential energy? Phototaxis c. Photosynthesis d. All of the above Photosynthesis is the process plant cells use to convert oxygen, water and sunlight into a usable form of energy.
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  • The product of photosynthesis is glucose sugar molecules. Glucose molecules are a form of potential energy that can be broken down by an organism to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules. Gene c. Protein d. Nucleus A gene is the basic unit of heredity. Genes are made of DNA sequences and act as instructions for making proteins although not all genes make proteins. Genes are found on chromosomes. Double c. Quadruple d. The DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder and is referred to as a double helix. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule and a phosphate group, along with a nitrogen base. Genes are located within the cytoplasm of the cell. Hydrochloric acid c. Ribonucleic acid d. In the ribosome, the information coded onto messenger RNA is used to make proteins.
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  • When sexual reproduction occurs in multicellular organisms, a process takes place before cells fuse whereby a cell is left with half of its chromosomes, enabling the creation of a cell with a characteristic chromosome number. What is this process called? Osmosis c. Anabolism d. Differentiation During meiosis, gametes sex cells are formed by reducing the number of chromosomes found in somatic body cells by one half. This occurs so that when two gametes, one from each parent, fuse together, the embryo will contain the correct number of chromosomes.
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  • Without meiosis, offspring cells would contain double the number of chromosomes of normal adults and they would not be viable. Which of the following represents the largest group of biological classification? Kingdom c. Class d. Genus Biology uses a system of classification to group organisms together based on their characteristics. The levels of classification, from largest most inclusive to smallest most specific , include domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Which of the following cellular structures are found in both types of cell? Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and their structure is much more simple than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have a few simple cellular structures such as a nucleoid region, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane.
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  • Eukaryotic cells have more highly developed cellular structures including organelles that support the function of the cell. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are found in eukaryotic cells that contain chlorophyll, such as plants. What it is the name given to specialized structures within cells responsible for carrying out specific functions such as providing energy and producing hormones? Mitiosis c. Archaeans d. Organelles Organelles are specialized structures in cells that support the cellular functions. For example, mitochondria are organelles that synthesize energy; ribosomes synthesize protein; chloroplasts convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar.
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  • Internal complexity c. Size d. Ecological relationships Unicellular organisms are very small compared to most multicellular organisms. If they were as large as a multicellular organism, their surface area to volume ratio would be too low to support life. Staying small gives unicellular organisms a high surface area to volume ratio. Larger cells have less surface area compared to their volume. Molecules move into the cell, out of the cell and through the cell slowly through the cell membrane. Having a large surface area provides more space for molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane and less of a distance to travel inside the cell to supply organelles with materials needed for metabolism. How many chromosomes does an individual human person have?
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